Felt having conductivity gradient

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to an electromagnetically conductive textile fabric comprising conductive fibers arranged to provide a conductivity gradient through its thickness. The fibers may be intrinsically conductive or coated with a conducting material and the gradient can be related to variances in fiber density, fiber diameter (fineness) and fiber conductivity. The fabric can be used to eliminate or reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) in various applications.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a three-dimensional, conductive felt fabrichaving an electromagnetic conductivity gradient through its thickness.The present invention also relates to a method for producing suchfabrics and their use as broadband microwave absorbers.

Electrically conductive fabrics have, in general, been known for sometime. Such fabrics have been manufactured by mixing or blending aconductive powder with a polymer melt prior to extrusion of the polymerfibers from which the fabric is made. Such powders may include, forinstance, carbon black, silver particles, or even silver- or gold-coatedparticles. Antistatic fabrics which conduct electricity can also be madeby incorporating conductive fibers, e.g., carbon fibers, carbon-fillednylon or polyester fibers, or metal fibers such as stainless steel intoyarns used to make such fabrics, or directly woven or knit into thefabric. Electrically or magnetically conductive polymers such aspolypyrrole or polyanaline can also be incorporated into textiles so asto provide conductivity. Kuhn et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,803,096, discloseselectrically conductive textile materials made by depositing pre-polymersolutions of polypyrrole or polyanaline onto the textile surface toprovide a uniform coating and then treating to complete formation of thepolymer.

Electrically conductive textile materials exhibit characteristics whichmake them suitable for various uses such as antistatic garments,antistatic floor coverings, components in computers, and generally, asreplacements for metallic conductors, or semiconductors, including suchspecific applications as, for example, batteries, photovoltaics,electrostatic dissipation and electromagnetic shielding, for example, asantistatic wrappings of electronic equipment.

Electronic devices, such as computers, may generate electromagneticwaves, which may resonate within their enclosure, to interfere with theelectronic device itself, or be emitted through openings in theenclosure, to interfere with other electronic equipment. Suchelectromagnetic interference (EMI) can be problematic, for example,where electronic devices such as games, laptop computers, and cellulartelephones operated by passengers interferes with avionics of commercialaircraft. It is known that certain conductive materials can be used toreduce EMI, e.g., a) rubber which contains conductive fillers, such asmetals and carbon in the form of particles and fibers; and b) moldablepolyurethane foams provided in the shape of three-dimensional articles,such as cones, which foams are coated with conductive polymer or carbonparticles held in place with a suitable binder.

Known conductive materials used to reduce EMI can have significantdrawbacks. Rubber articles are heavy and therefore unsuitable for manyapplications. Carbon or metal impregnated foams while lightweight, arefriable and prone to flaking of their conductive coatings. The resultingflakes are electrically conductive and can thus short out equipment. Thefrangibility of rubbers and foams renders them unsuited for cutting ordrilling holes to provide ventilation, equipment ports, or wireopenings, inasmuch as such cutting or drilling creates edges which arebrittle and crumble easily.

Reflection is enhanced at a boundary where electromagnetic energy passesfrom a medium of one conductivity into a medium of a differentconductivity. Thus, the greater the transition in conductivity from airto the substrate, the more likely electromagnetic waves are reflected,rather than absorbed or transmitted.

The absorption of EMI by a substrate may be increased by providing asubstrate with an electrical conductivity gradient in the “z” direction(in terms of three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates), i.e., through its“short” dimension or, more simply, the thickness or depth of the fabricsubstrate. Consequently, it would be desirable to provide athree-dimensional structure having a conductivity gradient along itsthickness, in order to minimize reflection of electromagnetic energy andthereby enhance its absorption and/or transmission.

Pittman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,727 discloses an electricallyconductive textile fabric which has a conductivity gradient, but thegradient is in one or more planar directions of the fabric, i.e., the“x” and “y” directions. The conductivity gradient is obtained by varyingconductivity of yarns in the plane of the fabric by varying inherentconductivity of the yarn fibers, relative number of conductive tonon-conductive filaments in a yarn, or the extent to which yarns arecoated with conductive polymer.

Mammone et al., U.S. Statutory Invention Registration H1,523 discloses amethod of making polymer films having a conductivity gradient across itsthickness. The method can be used in preparing cast films for metallizedor film foil capacitors, providing graded polymer conductivity whichslowly decreases as a function of depth.

It would be useful to provide a readily made fabric having a relativelycontinuous conductivity gradient in its short dimension. It would alsobe desirable to provide a non-friable, die-cuttable, flame- orfire-resistant treatable, and/or colorable fabric which is capable ofreducing EMI emissions by absorbing EMI, especially over many decades ofmicrowave bandwidth.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a conductive textile fabric comprisingconductive fibers providing a conductivity gradient through itsthickness. In one embodiment, the fabric of the invention comprisesconductive fibers which are entangled.

The present invention further comprises a fabric which varies throughits thickness in a property selected from the group consisting ofintrinsic fiber conductivity, susceptibility to fiber coating byconductive materials, fabric density, fiber density, fiber denier, andfiber surface area. The fibers of the fabric of the present inventioncan be intrinsically conductive and/or can comprise a conductivecoating.

The present invention further relates to a method for preparing aconductive textile fabric comprising conductive fibers which provide aconductivity gradient through its thickness which comprises:

a) providing a fabric comprising entangled conductive fibers whichfabric varies through its thickness in intrinsic fiber conductivity, or

b) providing a fabric comprising entangled conductive and non-conductivefibers in which the percentage of conducting fiber varies through itsthickness.

Alternatively, the present invention can relate to a method forpreparing a conductive textile fabric comprising conductive fibers whichprovide a conductivity gradient through its thickness which comprises:

i) providing a fabric comprising entangled non-conductive fibers whichfabric varies through its thickness in a property selected from thegroup consisting of susceptibility to fiber coating by conductivematerials, fabric density, fiber density, fiber denier, and fibersurface area; and

ii) coating the fibers with a conductive coating selected from the groupconsisting of conductive polymer, metal coating, and carbon powdercoating. This method can further comprise iii) additionally providingover the conductive coating a subsequent coating selected from the groupconsisting of conductive coating protective coating, flame and/or fireretardant coating, colorant coating and water repellent coating.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method forpreparing an electromagnetically conductive textile fabric comprisingconductive fibers which provide a conductivity gradient through itsthickness which comprises:

1) providing a first web comprising entangled non-conductive fibers,said first web having a first density based on surface area of fibersper volume of said first web;

2) providing a second web comprising entangled non-conductive fibers,said second web having a second density based on surface area of fibersper volume of said second web, and said second web optionally comprisingfibers which contain low temperature melting polymer;

3) providing an overlay comprising said first and second webs;

4) needlepunching said overlay to provide a unitary fabric, heldtogether by the entanglement of fibers from the first and second web;and optionally heat-setting said unitary fabric;

5) coating the fibers of said first and second webs by contacting thefabric with a solution of conductive polymer precursor;

6) converting said precursor to conductive polymer to provide conductivefibers and a conductive gradient through the thickness of said fabric;and

7) optionally coating said conductive fibers with a flame retardantcomposition.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention relates to a method forreducing electromagnetic reflection of an electromagnetic radiationreflective surface which comprises covering said surface with anelectrically conductive textile fabric comprising conductive fibersproviding a conductivity gradient through its thickness.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a perspective exploded view drawing of the fabriccomposition of Example 1 showing the relative arrangement of two majorweb components of different density and a scrim component making up thefabric, prior to joining of the webs.

FIG. 2 depicts a perspective view drawing of the fabric composition ofExample 2 after joining the webs and coating with a conductive polymer.Variation in conductivity through the thickness of the fabric is shownas associated with the density of the major web components.

FIG. 3 depicts a perspective exploded view drawing of the fabriccomposition of Example 3 showing the relative arrangement of two webcomponents of similar density but varying conducting fiber content.

FIG. 4 depicts a perspective view drawing of the fabric composition ofExample 3 after joining the webs. Variation in conductivity through thethickness of the fabric is shown as associated with the conducting fibercontent of the web components.

FIG. 5 depicts the reflection loss (dB) in reflection from a metal platefor the microwave absorbing felt fabric of the present invention havingan electrical conductivity gradient, over a range from 5 GHz to 14 GHz,positioned in one instance with the lesser conducting surface towardsthe emitting antenna.

FIG. 6 depicts the reflection loss (dB) in reflection from a metal platefor the microwave absorbing felt fabric of the present invention havingan electrical conductivity gradient, over a range from 5 GHz to 14 GHz,positioned in one instance with the lesser conducting surface towardsthe emitting antenna and in another instance with the greater conductingsurface towards the emitting antenna.

FIG. 7 depicts emissions (dB) from an electronic enclosure measured inan anechoic chamber over a range of 0.0 GHz to 3.0 GHz both with andwithout the fabric of the invention placed on the inner surface of anelectronics enclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Without limiting the scope of the invention, the preferred embodimentsand features are hereinafter set forth. Unless otherwise indicated, allparts and percentages are by weight and conditions are ambient, i.e. oneatmosphere of pressure and 25° C.

The present invention relates to an electromagnetically conductivefabric comprising entangled, conductive fibers and preferably having agradual conductivity gradient through its thickness, i.e., through itsshortest dimension, or, in terms of Cartesian coordinates, in the “z”direction—along the axis perpendicular to the plane of the fabric. Whilenot wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the relativelyloose construction of a fabric comprising entangled fibers, such asfelt, and the gradual transition in conductivity provided by entangledfibers in the “z” direction is conducive to electromagnetic waveabsorption.

For purposes of the present invention, an entangled fiber is one whichis irregularly or randomly interwoven with other fibers to form afabric. This contrasts with a fiber which is arranged in relation toother fibers as part of a regular framework such as in woven or knittedfabrics containing spun fibers. The fabric can be a felt material ofunitary construction, held together by the entanglement of its fibers.The felt material can be a nonwoven sheet of entangled fibers, which canbe made by a combination of mechanical and chemical action, pressure,moisture and heat as is well known in the art. However, the presentinvention relates not only to felt fabrics, but also woven fabricstreated to provide entanglable conductive fibers, and knitted fabricstreated to provide entanglable conductive fibers. Such treatments areknown in the art and can include such processes as needling,needlepunching and carding.

The resulting surfaces of such treated fabrics have entanglable fiberswhich may become entangled with adjacent felt fabric surfaces, or otherneedled woven or knitted fabric surfaces, to form composite materials.For example, a woven or knitted fabric can be needled to create fiberentanglement perpendicular to the plane of the fabric by needlepunchingtogether with a second, nonwoven sheet or fabric. Similarly, two or moreadjacent felt fabric surfaces may be subjected to entangling of theirfibers to form a composite material. Such construction wherein adjoiningfabric surfaces are of differing electrical conductivities, provides aninterface of intermediate conductivity which desirably smooths or“blurs” an electric field gradient applied across the fabric compositethickness. In other words, the resulting fabric can comprise two or moresuperimposed webs of different electrical conductivities whose adjoiningsurfaces provide transition regions comprising entangled conductivefibers from each web associated with the adjoining surfaces. Thetransition regions exhibit electrical conductivities which areintermediate to that of the adjoining webs, which serves to moregradually transition conductivity through the resulting fabric'sthickness.

For present purposes, conductivity can be described as the degree towhich a material interacts either electrically or magnetically withelectromagnetic radiation. Material such as ferrites are consideredconductive in terms of the present invention.

The fabric of the present invention comprises conductive fibers. Thefibers may be intrinsically conductive, e.g., containing carbon,ferrite, and/or metal, preferably held with a binder or melt-fused tothe fiber surface. Fibers, including intrinsically non-conductive,partially-conductive and/or semi-conductive fibers can be coated with aconductive polymer which improves fiber conductivity. Conductive coatingtechniques suited to use in the present invention are well known in theart and include those disclosed by Kuhn et al., U.S. Pat. Nos.4,803,096, 4,877,646, 4,975,317, 4,981,718, and 5,108,829 and by Child,U.S. Pat. No. 5,833,884. Such techniques can provide conducting coatingsof polypyrrole, polyaniline, or substituted derivatives thereof. Thefibers may be coated prior to their incorporation in the fabric;however, it is preferred that the fibers be coated after the fabricstructure is formed.

The fibers may have virtually any denier; preferably they range indenier from 1 to 1000, more preferably from 6 to 25. The fibers providedin the fabric of the present invention can also include those selectedfrom the group consisting of nonconductive fibers, thermoplastic fibers,sheath and core fibers, yarns, and staple fibers, preferably provided asstaple fibers. The fibers of the present invention can also includethose selected from the group consisting of natural and synthetic fibersand blends thereof, including silk fibers, wool fibers, cotton fibers,polyester fibers, polyamide fibers, polyolefin fibers, polyurethanefibers, and acrylic fibers and high modulus inorganic fibers, such asglass, quartz and ceramic fibers.

The fibers of the fabric of the present invention can be formed into afabric having a conductivity gradient through its thickness by any of anumber of methods. In one aspect of the invention, conductivity gradientis achieved by provided by fibers having increasing intrinsicconductivity through the fabric thickness. In another aspect of theinvention, the conductivity gradient is provided by fibers havingincreased susceptibility to coating by a conductor through the fabricthickness.

Assuming the conductive coating coats all fiber surfaces evenly,susceptibility to coating for purposes of creating a conductivitygradient is dependent on surface area of all fibers at a particularthickness in the fabric. Accordingly, the ultimate conductivity ofcoated conductive fibers can be affected by such properties as fabricdensity, fiber density, fiber denier, and fiber surface area,particularly by increasing fiber surface area per unit volume of fabric.These properties are generally related in direct proportion toconductivity, except for denier. Conductivity is related inverselyproportional to the square root of the fiber denier. As a result ofthese relationships, it has now been found possible in one aspect of theinvention to provide a fabric material having a conductive gradientthrough its thickness by preparing a precursor fabric comprisingrelatively non-conducting fibers which provide a gradient for suchproperties along the fabric thickness, and thereafter coating the fibersof the precursor fabric with a conductor material.

Coatings not related to promoting conductivity can also be added to thefabric or fibers of the present invention, and are generally added afterthe conductivity promoting coating, if such is present. Such coatingsare generally known in the prior art and include protective and/or fireand flame retarding coatings such as polyvinylchloride (PVC), orpoly(vinylidene chloride) (PVdC), colorant coatings, and water repellentcoatings.

The fabrics prepared in accordance with the present invention can have athickness ranging from 40 mils to 4 inches, preferably from 100 mils to1 inch. Such fabrics can also exhibit a transmission loss through thefabric of greater than 5 dB at 9 GHz, preferably greater than 12 dB at 9GHz, where dB loss=20 log (V_(W)/V_(O)), where V_(W) is the electricfield intensity measured through the fabric and V_(O) is the electricfield intensity measured without the fabric. For reducing EMI fromelectronic enclosures, fabrics exhibiting transmission losses of greaterthan 15 dB at 9 GHz are preferred, most preferably greater than 20 dB at9 GHz.

Particularly effective fabrics of the present invention for absorbingelectromagnetic radiation measure a difference in reflection ofelectromagnetic radiation of greater than 1 dB at 9 GHz between thefabric measured with the fabric surface of lower conductivity facing asource of said radiation and the fabric measured with the fabric surfaceof higher conductivity facing a source of said radiation. Alternatively,the present invention can provide a fabric wherein the conductivityvaries from the inner ¼ of fabric thickness of higher conductivity tothe outer ¼ of fabric thickness of lower conductivity by a factor of atleast 1.5:1, preferably at least 4:1.

The fabric of the present invention can be used in various applicationswhich take advantage of the conductivity gradient through its depth.Such applications include use as electromagnetic interference shieldsfor computers and other sensitive instruments, when placed on the innersurface of the instrument enclosure. The fabric of the present inventioncan also be used to reduce cavity resonation of electromagnetic wavesinside the enclosures of electronic devices when the felt is placedinside. The present fabric can also be used as a microwave absorber, aswell as for lining anechoic chambers.

For the foregoing applications, the size, conductivity and placement ofthe fabric of the present invention should be determined experimentally,inasmuch as the frequency of emissions, layout, size and materials ofconstruction will vary greatly from one device to the other.

All of the U.S. patents disclosed in this specification are incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety.

The invention may be further understood by reference to the followingexamples, but is not intended to be unduly limited thereby.

EXAMPLE 1

Three inch PET fibers of 6 denier having a round cross-section as wereformed into a web and needlepunched on a Fehrer needlepunch loom to forma first nonwoven fabric 10 as depicted in FIG. 1, having a thickness of100 mils and a weight of 22 ounces per square yard (22 ounces per totalvolume of each square yard of fabric). A Raschel knit scrim of polyester20 (1.5 ounces per square yard) was joined to the first web byneedlepunching, the first web and scrim being fed to the needlepunchloom together. The scrim was used to stabilize the first web.

A second web 30 was prepared having two different fibers, the firstbeing a polyester of 25 denier, 3″ staple (80% by weight) and the secondbeing a nylon of 6 denier, 3″ staple, having a core and sheath, whereinthe sheath was a low-melt nylon (20% by weight). The second web had athickness of 100 mils and a weight of 12 ounces per square yard (12ounces per total volume of each square yard of fabric).

The two webs were overlaid and needlepunched together and squashed downto 180 mils to create a unitary construction, held together by theentanglement of fibers from the first and second webs. The resultingcomposite was heat set to preserve loft and melt the sheath of the nylonfiber, to bind the fibers and provide a felt fabric.

EXAMPLE 2

A sample of felt fabric of Example 1 weighing 93 pounds was coated witha conductive polymer by introduction into a bath at ambient temperaturecontaining 24 pounds of a 39% aqueous ferric chloride solution, 2.7pounds of the sodium salt of anthraquinone sulfonic acid, 1.7 pounds ofpyrrole and 168 gallons of water, following the general procedures ofU.S. Pat. No. 4,803,096. The felt-bath mixture was agitated for threehours and the fabric was rinsed to remove residual liquor. After drying,the web was tested as in Example 4.

FIG. 2 depicts a perspective view drawing of the fabric composition ofExample 2 after joining the webs and coating with a conductive polymer.Variation in conductivity through the thickness of the fabric is shownwhich includes high conductivity zone 40, intermediate conductivity zone50 depicted between the dashed lines and low conductivity zone 60 whichare associated with the density of the major web components of thefabric precursor. The intermediate conductivity of zone 50 is providedby the entagled fibers of both zones 40 and 60.

Post Treatment—A subsequent coating was added to the coated fibers ofthe above web as follows: A mixture of 100 pounds of a poly(vinylidenechloride) latex containing 40% solids from Zenaca Resins of Wilmington,Mass., 200 pounds of an antimony pentoxide suspension containing 60%solids from Nyacol Products, PQ Corporation, Valley Forge, Pa., and 50pounds of water was saturated into the web sample. The excess chemicalwas removed by nipping the web at a pressure of 50 psi. The web was thendried resulting in a protective, flame-retardant film coating thesurface of the fibers.

EXAMPLE 3

Example 1 is repeated except that both the first and second webs are ofthe same density and construction as Example 1's first web, but containintrinsically conductive stainless steel fibers in differingconcentrations. The resulting fabric has a conductivity gradient whichis attributable to the differing concentrations of stainless steelfibers in each web.

FIG. 3 depicts a perspective exploded view drawing of the fabriccomposition of Example 3 showing the relative arrangement of webcomponents of similar density but varying conducting stainless steelfiber content. Web 70 has a higher conducting stainless steel fibercontent than web 80. The resulting fabric resulting from needlepunchingthe two webs is depicted in FIG. 4 which has high conductivity zone 100,intermediate zone 110, and low conductivity zone 120. Intermediateconductivity of zone 110 is attributed to the entangling stainless steelfibers of both high and low conductivity zones.

EXAMPLE 4

Electromagnetic waves impinging a substrate will result in:

% reflection+% absorption+% transmission=100%. This Example demonstratesthe decrease in reflectance of microwaves measured first from a metalplate (perfect reflector), and then the metal plate covered by thefabric of Example 2 having a conductivity gradient in accordance withthe present invention. The difference in reflected energy gives thereflection loss and the data are shown in FIG. 5 which depictsreflection loss in dB versus radiation frequency (GHz) ranging from 5GHz to about 14 GHz. The incident microwave was plane polarized andevery measurement was taken twice-once with the polarization in themachine direction of the material, and once with it in the cross machinedirection. The results from each orientation were then averaged.

EXAMPLE 5

This Example demonstrates the importance of a conductivity gradient inreducing microwave reflection. Reflection was compared following theprocedure of Example 4, between the fabric with the gradient positionedwith the side having less conductivity facing outward, and the fabricpositioned with the gradient reversed. FIG. 6 shows the reflection lossin dB. As expected, the “front” configuration (lesser conducting surfacetowards the emitting antenna) reflects less energy back to the receiverand hence has a higher loss than the “back” configuration (greaterconducting surface towards the antenna). Since the transmission is thesame for both configurations, the “front” configuration must absorb moreenergy.

EXAMPLE 6

Emissions (dB) from an electronic enclosure were measured in an anechoicchamber over a range of 0.0 GHz to 3.0 GHz both with and without thefabric of Example 2 placed on the inner surface of a box approximatingthe dimensions of a desktop computer case. The results which aredepicted graphically in FIG. 7 show that the fabric of Example 2significantly reduces electronic emissions when placed on the insidesurface of the enclosure.

There are of course, many alternate embodiments and modifications of theinvention which are intended to be included within the scope of thefollowing claims.

It is claimed:
 1. An electromagnetically conductive textile fabriccomprising conductive fibers creating a conductivity gradient throughthe thickness of the fabric, wherein the fabric is selected from thegroup consisting of woven, knitted and nonwoven fabrics, provided thatif the textile fabric is a woven fabric, the woven fabric comprises twoor more superimposed webs, and wherein the gradient is produced by avariation selected from the group consisting of: (a) intrinsicallyconductive fibers, wherein the concentration of the conductive fibersvaries through the thickness of the fabric; (b) first and secondintrinsically conductive fibers having different conductivities, whereinthe relative concentration of the first and second fibers varies throughthe thickness of the fabric; (c) non-conductive fibers that are coatedwith a conductive coating, wherein the fiber surface area per unit ofvolume varies through the thickness of the fabric; (d) firstnon-conductive fibers that are coated with a conductive coating andsecond non-conductive fibers, wherein the first and second fibers havedifferent susceptibilities to being coated by a conductive coating andhave different conductivities, and wherein the relative concentration ofthe first and second varies through the thickness of the fabric; and (e)first non-conductive fibers that are uniformly coated with a conductivecoating, and second fibers having a different conductivity from thefirst fibers, wherein the first fibers are entangled with the secondfibers by needling, and wherein the relative concentration of the firstand second fibers varies through the thickness of the fabric.
 2. Thefabric of claim 1 which is selected from the group consisting of feltfabrics, woven fabrics treated to provide entanglable conductive fibers,and knitted fabrics treated to provide entanglable conductive fibers. 3.The fabric of claim 1 which comprises two or more superimposed webs ofdifferent conductivities whose adjoining surfaces provide transitionregions comprising entangled conductive fibers from each web associatedwith said adjoining surfaces, said regions having conductivitiesintermediate that of the adjoining webs.
 4. The fabric of claim 3wherein said webs are selected from the group consisting of feltfabrics.
 5. The fabric of claim 3 wherein said webs are selected fromthe group consisting of woven fabrics and knitted fabrics, which aretreated to provide entanglable conductive fibers.
 6. The fabric of claim1 wherein said fibers are intrinsically conductive.
 7. The fabric ofclaim 6 wherein said intrinsically conductive fibers contain a conductorselected from the group consisting of carbon, ferrite, and metal.
 8. Thefabric of claim 1 wherein said fibers comprise a conductive coating. 9.The fabric of claim 8 wherein said conductive coating is selected fromthe group consisting of conductive polymer, metal coating, and carbonpowder coating.
 10. The fabric of claim 8 wherein said conductivecoating is a conductive polymer is selected from the group consisting ofpolypyrrole, polyanaline and derivatives thereof.
 11. The fabric ofclaim 8 which further comprises an additional coating over saidconductive coating selected from the group consisting of conductivecoating protective coating, fire retardant coating, colorant coating andwater repellent coating.
 12. The fabric of claim 1 which comprises aplurality of superimposed webs of different conductivities which websare needlepunched to form a unitary construction.
 13. The fabric ofclaim 1 which comprises a plurality of superimposed webs of differentdensities which webs are needlepunched to form a unitary construction.14. The fabric of claim 1 wherein said fabric has a thickness rangingfrom 40 mils to 4 inches.
 15. The fabric of claim 1 wherein said fabrichas a thickness ranging from 100 mils to 1 inch.
 16. The fabric of claim1 which has a transmission loss through the fabric of greater than 5 dBat 9 GHz, where dB loss=20 log (V_(W)/V_(O)), where V_(W) is theelectric field intensity measured through the fabric and V_(O) is theelectric field intensity measured without the fabric.
 17. The fabric ofclaim 1 which has a transmission loss through the fabric of greater than15 dB at 9 GHz, where dB loss=20 log (V_(W)/V_(O)), where V_(W) is theelectric field intensity measured through the fabric and V_(O) is theelectric field intensity measured without the fabric.
 18. The fabric ofclaim 1 which has a difference in reflection of electromagneticradiation of greater than 1 dB at 9 GHz between the fabric measured withthe fabric surface of lower conductivity facing a source of saidradiation and the fabric measured with the fabric surface of higherconductivity facing a source of said radiation.
 19. The fabric of claim1 wherein the conductivity varies from the inner ¼ of fabric thicknessof higher conductivity to the outer ¼ of fabric thickness of lowerconductivity by a factor of at least 1.5:1.
 20. The fabric of claim 1wherein the conductivity varies from the inner ¼ of fabric thickness ofhigher conductivity to the outer ¼ of fabric thickness of lowerconductivity by a factor of at least 4:1.
 21. The fabric of claim 1wherein said fibers are selected from the group consisting of silkfibers, wool fibers, cotton fibers, polyester fibers, nylon fibers andacrylic fibers.
 22. The textile fabric of claim 1, wherein theconductivity gradient is produced by intrinsically conductive fibers,wherein the concentration of the conductive fibers varies through thethickness of the fabric.
 23. The textile fabric of claim 1, wherein theconductivity gradient is produced by first and second intrinsicallyconductive fibers having different conductivities, wherein the relativeconcentration of the first and second fibers varies through thethickness of the fabric.
 24. The textile fabric of claim 1, wherein theconductivity gradient is produced by non-conductive fibers that arecoated with a conductive coating, wherein the fiber surface area perunit of volume varies though the thickness of the fabric.
 25. Thetextile fabric of claim 1, wherein the conductivity gradient is producedby first non-conductive fibers that are coated with a conductive coatingand second non-conductive fibers, wherein the first and second fibershave different susceptibilities to being coated by a conductive coatingand have different conductivities, and wherein the relativeconcentration of the first and second fibers varies through thethickness of the fabric.
 26. The textile fabric of claim 1, wherein theconductivity gradient is produced by first non-conductive fibers thatare uniformly coated with a conductive coating, and second fibers havinga different conductivity from the first fibers, wherein the first fibersare entangled with the second fibers by needling, and wherein therelative concentration of the first and second fibers varies through thethickness of the fabric.